Article 9
Addini
Da tsarin addini da builded kuma ya goyi bayan har ma galibin fasali na Inca ka configure kamar duhunhuna oriented daga karuwan na rana da Allah, Inti, kusan sujada personification na daular. Ga Inti ya mik'a zamana a kowace rana da hadayun da k'otar. Solstices equinoxes, su ne suke bukata a k'arshen festive kakan karãtun abin tunãwa. A cikin dukan malanchi Inti ya yi nesa da veneration, har a farkon Spanisanci chroniclers kowane haikalin ya bayyana kamar "Haikali na rana" domin antonomasia da kowane firist, firist na rana." Da chroniclers da ake kira Spaniards ma "budurwa na rana" wani budurwai keb'e iri iri a wannan fili sacral na da nasaba da nasaba da mulki, sunansa ba ya fassara kuma baya sunan acllacuna, "keb'e mata", "hulda" kuma inca conception. Hedkwatar Daular tsaya mafi muhimmanci haikalin da rana, da ake kira Coricancha, inda ta karãtun abin tunãwa perennial wuta. Da Coricancha wani irin Pantheon da suka yi na'am da "wane k'ãra daukaka gane, sarakunan gargajiyar Inca k'ãra daukaka, da daban-daban da wata alk'arya biyayya, (1) Illapa Tuono-Lampo sashensu", kuma Allah Ya mulkinsu duka, yankin andean, Pachacamac, wani irin babban da Jumhuriyar Cote D'Ivoire, shiga daga inca rantsuwa a darajoji daga cikin abubuwan da Ana cikin irin gardaddamin yadda mulkin Inti, kamar irin "iyaye mata" ubangiji, Mahaifiyarsa Luna (1) Mama-Quilla amarya na Inti, Mahaifiyarsa Tħku Mama Cocha) evidently da nasaba da ba a sani ba za su yi Inca har zuwa gaba da rantsattsen shugaba yankin, mahaifiyarsa ta duniya (Pacha Mama) da muhimmanci gunkiyan nan da kwano Peruvian, da mahaifiyarsa hatsi (Mama Sara), a cikin zaman bauta, ma tantance da ma masara shukar exceptionally girima. Bugu da k'ari, ita ce, mai tsakaitawa Coricancha ko wani tanadin venerable, ya ce huaca, wanda a cikin wani ma'ana, yana da ikon yin hankali a kanta sacredness da nasara territories daga abin da suka zo. Ana iya cewa sun wakilta a jirgin sama na addini, gaba a birnin Cuzco da kaji su taka rawar gani, hedkwatar daular. Daga alfasha ajalin huaca ta designates abubuwa (mutummutumai da duwatsu, da itatuwa, adamawa. wurare, kuma su binciko mulkinsa, kuma gine-ginen nan (chapels, makabarta, (4) "lasafta alfarma" ko kujeru da k'waya da "alfarma." Da ladabi ga karuwan da iyaka k'ananan huaca, a game da addini sosai, za su iya jeopardize da hadin kai da daular, akwai jami'in biyu zaman rayuwasu: a mun yi makamashi da huaca mafi muhimmanci, accogliendole materially ko fitowa a Coricancha, a k'ark'ashin Inti Allah, a hannun ya nemi hallaka sauran jama'a, kamar yadda suka yi ta tara a gaban Augustas, (1) Pachacútec reformer sashensu a duniya", ya ce, "Wannan mak'iyin huaca". Ga masanan ginin daular m tare da huaca, har ma da cults na hukumar, ba ga wani mutum rukunin d'aure da bauta wa wani abu d'aya kakansa ayllu (1), saboda haka, haka kuma sake a cikin wani lissafi daga al'umma broader constituting daular. Daular tabbatar masa da ayllu, amma raba su da aminci, "k'abilun" da addini. Daular ya kasu halves biyu, ya ce, "bisa" da "sassauta", sa'an nan a kasu biyu kowad'anne sassa na k'asar, Ta haka ya seyu hudu, duk biyu ideal tangaraho intersecting a Cuzco, abin da ya shafi a tsakiyar gari, duniya ta bud'e wa rantsuwa ko transpose a zana hoton quadripartite na daular, ya ce, "K'asar hud'u a yankunan" (1) Tahuantinsuyo. A gaban Augustas Inca, da yake zaune a Cuzco, wadda aka d'an rana" (Intip churin), Allah mai rai. A nasa iyali shi ne babban firist, da villac umu. A matsayinsa na ginshik'in hada kai matar ku ga masanan sauyi na takwas a gaban Augustas Hatum Tupac, wanda yake takalo karuwan Viracocha, kuma ta yi suna. Viracocha wani shafi gunzar yak'i da Andean wata alk'arya, ko watakila wani "halitta k'yuya", ana iya tunawa da almara iri iri, amma ba su yi galibin bauta. Da farko dai an masujadan hasali ma kafa da Hatum Tupac, wanda ya yi wa Viracocha da halin "baba" dace, da sauyin d'aya "kakanninsu." na daban-daban da ikona. Da acquisition Viracocha da aka haifa masa theological elaboration (wato kadan an tuna da investiture da mulki, jũna wasiyya da Viracocha zuwa Inti da Inti a gaban Augustas da formulae da kowane karãtun abin tunãwa laya zama sadaka ga Viracocha da sunan Inti, wanda yake bayyana lokutan da salla da yabon da babban baiwa amfani da aesthetic.
Sana'
Da Incas bar k'afãfunsa lura da su a cikin dukan wuraren da baza. Ya zauna a ko'ina da yawa, constructions Adobes a Cote D'Ivoire da dutse a Jihar Filato, wadda kullum da aminci, kuma aka jejeffe su trapezoidal. A fannin Cuzco ya gina da manyan makawa na dutse polygonal (bastions, da goyon bayan katangu ko da makawa na dutse kofa, gine-ginen nan. Da architecture Inca ta bayyana a cikin dukan mole da kyau ga Machu Picchu, birnin rediscovered tum da Hiram Bingham. Da ceramic inca glossy polychrome, suka yi k'waya vases da sauran goruna, to, madalla sāke halittarmu. Game da metallurgy, mai muhimmanci canji ya bazu a yi amfani da na tagulla a daular, amma mai kyau tanadin (figurines, kayan ado iri iri a cikin zinariya da azurfa, da aka sarrafa ya zama babban inestimable da amfani, sun yi zaton da shahararrun lambu a Haikalin da rana na Cuzco, da reproductions da zinariya da na figures k'ãra daukaka, da dabbobi da shuka, sai aka largely halakar da Spaniyanci. An lura cewar akwai kyakkyawar azama game da abin da aka yi da hannu a gaban kotu ba ma a fagen ado da ceramics ba, har ma da na sak'a da glyptic.
Pizarro Francisco,
A fyad'a spanisanci (Trujillo, Cáceres, kasa. 1475 da 1541 Lima. Da ake shege d'an Shugaban Gonzalo, bi samari uba da yak'e-yak'e na k'asar Italiya (1498-1501, sa'an nan, kamar masu yawa adventurers, dole ne a Amurka ta "sa'a." Rakiya Vasco Núñez de Balboa a shipping suka gamu da guda biyar daga tsibiran yankin (1513), ya san cewa, akwai wani mai arziki daular, Peru, da niyyar tare da Hernando de Luque da samar da wani dan-jari da Diego de Almagro, sauran playful adventurer, ga jama'a. Bayan voyages biyu na binciken (1524-26, 1526-28) da su zauna a k'asar, dole ne "permissions" bureaucratic, dole ne a 1531 da wadansu enterprise, da jiragen ruwa 3, 185 sojoji da dawaki 37, wadda aka ci gaba da baya (1532) 153 da 50 dawakan Almagro. Wasik'armu talanti guda da k'i/ cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro bisa-notch, amma kuma d'oki da ruthlessness ba daidai ba, sai dai Pizarro darkãke Inca daular, ya gina sabon birane kamar Lima (1535) da Trujillo, ya hawa fiye da sau Andes, ya yi girma fabulously da mulki da sabon Peru kamar monarch, amma ya san yadda za a shawo kan kaidina yarje Spanisanci, tsohon cud'anya Almagro, sa'an nan kashe, kafin a k'arshe shi kansa ya kashe a gidansa na Lima da wani rukunin aka almagristi. Da hakki da shekaru goma da exceptional adventure, Pizarro aikata ayyuka na kai k'iyo daga mijinta kõ da kuma kwad'ayi (babbansu, watakila, ya kama da tawaye da tuhumar da inca Atahualpa, bayan da ya ba shi da extorted fabulous fansa da zinariya da azurfa, da abin da suka zama comprehensible da k'iyayya da hassada da jama'a da ta duba cikakkiyar ka, mutane da yawa da ke zubawa tragically da shi. Amma ba a cikin karin magana da shari'a, ba mu da authentic "genius" da condottiere renaissance.
Almagro, Diego de gaskiya, Vècchio
Ya ce, da yak'i spanisanci, watakila Almagro Ciudad, ita ce, kasa. 1472 da 1538 Cuzco. Ya zo a Amurka a 1514 da dispatch and transport officer na Pedrarias Dávila, ya girgiza mashinsa kamar soja Intrepid, ya kuma dukiyarsu wani babban birnin a 1524 da gudunmawa ga kamfanin ya aike da Pizarro da Luque ga babban daraktan sabon territories wajen kudu. Bayan da na farko shipping, wanda har ya sa binciko Peru (1525), yana tare da Pizarro d'aya daga cikin protagonists da aiyukan da rantsuwa da Inca daular (1) 1526-34, wadata, to, ta bayyana yadda za su iya sayen domin ulunsu pesos told oro da jiragen ruwa da sojojin Pedro yarje de Alvarado. Sa'an nan (1535) marshal da sabon Toledo, da ikon kusan ni a dukan territories da Mika alloys 200 na wad'anda na Pizarro, ta shirya wa broaden da alfarwanka wani dispatch and transport officer zuwa Chile. Kamfanin, ya gane ta Andes damuna, sa'annan wahalhalun da de Almagro, kuma ha'inci da talauci k'asashen gano, bayan da ya kai har zuwa kwarin Aconcagua niyyar komawa zuwa Peru. Ga shi a cikinsu, yak'in basasa a tsakanin Ubangiji (1537), da sakamakon da tensions da janye tun 1529, sa'ad da Pizarro ya samu daga kambin licenses da rabon gādon mafi de Almagro, wad'anda suka haddasa a 1535 lokacin da Ubangiji biyu suka assimilated a hierarchy ba tare da dai ya bayyana ci iyakar mak'wabcinku wanda yake da ikon Cuzco a cibiyar, da dukiya da Incas. Kamar yadda kewaye da hurumin birnin asusuwan da yake, wadda ita ce don d'akunan su zauna sosai, da tayar da Inca, sa'an nan da ta ci gaba da de Almagro, ta kama 'yan'uwa Pizarro, aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, ya kashe shi.
Charles jin k'ai (1) a gaban Augustas
A gaban Augustas, na sarkin k'asar Asbaniya IV, da Naples Ghent (1500 da San Jeronimo De Yuste 1558. A k'arshe ya ce, "Ni na gaskiya" na tsattsarkan Barome daular, har zuwa 1806, amma bayan Carlo jin k'ai rasa na gargajiya connotation siyasa da addini da kuma babban rabo daga sararin sama, ba su fi unitary iko da hegemony isassun da niyyar shawo kan progressive tashin k jihohi da hujjoji rikici da social da espressasi addini a gyara, ya ce, "Ga Harshen maps ne. Jin k'ai, mai tasiri 463." "Da harshen maps ga lemma 5° awon tsawo." d'an Filibus Archduke kowa tsayi da Austria da Yuwana fushi ne, saboda haka magājin a gaban Augustas Maximilian na Hapsburg Ferdinand, da ta Katolika na k'asar Asbaniya, girma a Flanders, matar kawunsa Margaret da Austria, inda ya yi ilimi da Adriano, mai suna Utarasht (daga baya Pope Hadrian VI) da Guillaume na Croy, Chièvres. Tsoraci a 1515, cikin 1516 ya zama a k'asar Holland. Sa magājin daga na biyu, matsawar aka samu gamsasshen bayani la-shakka, testament Ferdinand, da ta Katolika, zamansu a Castile (1517) inda, saboda rashin samun da mahaifiyarsa, ya d'auki mulki. Ya zauna a k'asar Asbaniya awatar da adawa da Cortes da nationalistic fuskantar da comuneros. Charles jin k'ai ne a mugun yarda da alak'a da kotu a Flanders daga wanda ya zo tare da shi a sakamakon k'ask'antar, wasu da aka shahararrun rapacità, kuma babu abotaka, ba su taimake shi ya gane matsalolin da k'asa da aka bak'o ba. Bayan rasuwar Maximilian (1519) ya tafi Jamus, sa'an nan daga takara a daular, animated da conceptions humanities da universalistic da manyan, Adriano, mai suna Utarasht da chancellor Gattinara, har ma da harkokin siyasa da tsarin mulkin shugaba Allah Mai Iko Dukka?. Sai dai gagarumin subsidies, sai in karb'i abina har da Augusta da Antwerp, musamman ma Fugger) da sojojin da gasar Sveva niyyar dai masu zab'e a mummũnan zab'a su Francis ta gwagwarmayar nema na da Faransa, Henry viii na Ingila da Frederick da hikima da Saxony. A cikin coronation Aachen (1520) bude har kafin Francesco da na ga rantsuwa da Milanese,'i/ cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro da yin lissafin wajen Spanisanci alfarwanka na kudu. Jin k'ai Carlo chi wani kamar irin nasarorin da dominance a k'asar Italiya, da yak'i da Pavia, 1525, kuma a kan Italiyanci Jihohi gamu a gasar da Cognac tashi zuwa ga zaman lafiya, shi ga fassara, 1529, Patti na Cambrai da ke k'asar Spain. K'ungiyar ta Bologna, da sanctioned taimakonsa ya bi da kauri coronation halinku Pope hak'uri tun farko a S. Petronio a 24 ga Fabrairu 1530. A shekara ashirin, sa'ad reasserted ikonta da biyu na Mexico da Peru financed, da sai in karb'i abina har Welser, da tapping Francesco sau biyu na (1535 da 1542 a resumption da yak'in domin Milan, Charles jin k'ai ta fuska biyu manyan matsalolin da interdependent: da Jamusanci particularism da schism Protestant. Bayan rasuwar Gattinara (1530), Carlo jin k'ai, wanda ya accinto restructuring manufa da dangantaka da ke tsaye a daular, gano da aikinsa kullum babban cikas ga centralization; kuma raunana, a maimakon alloys, birnin manya da mai dattako Jamus. Da yawan sauya intrusion da Charles jin k'ai a cikin sha'anin jamus a k'ark'ashin nauyin uwansa Ferdinand (Gwamna na Jamus, 1530, sarkin Romawa, 1531) saukar da ake kira Rahab da ninkin da daular, ya k'ara wa wannan tsakãninmu da Faransa, da barazanar Turkiyya looming, da kuma taimakon da Mohács a Hungarians, 1526) da tallace tallace na pirates cikin Bahar Rum. A fuskar uwar Lutheran zirga-zirga, da stimulated da centrifugal tendencies da autonomistiche a nan Jamus, Charles jin k'ai ya prevaricate, kuma saboda indecision da popes: daga Baran Tsutsotsi (1521) aka buga ollowed diets, alkawaran, an, transitional solutions da matsalar addini a gabana, da Majalisar a kan al'amarin, wadda aka yi wa'azi da Pope Bulus iii a 1537, amma da farko a Trento d'auki sai a 1545. A cikin shugabana da manyan matsayi na Protestants k'arfafa, da haihuwar alloy Smalcalda da ri'ari anabattista extremism (Confessio augustana, 1530, da autonomismo da Jamusanci da shugabanni da aka kawo sauki goyon baya da Faransa, da shari'a a ko ta Katolika Baveriya. Rikicin shi ne ya kamata su yi yaki (1) 1546-47 inda Charles jin k'ai nasarar cin nasara a protestants har ya zuwa yak'i da Mühlberg (24 watan Afrilu 1547. Sojoji taimakon sa shi ma ayyuka da idanu da Jamusanci da shugabanni, haka kuma pope: aikin shelar sulhuntawar siyasa ta mayar da rashin jituwa ba k'ank'antar har ma galibin. A daidai wannan iyali Hapsburg contrasts shekara hamsin waanda suka bi a jere Har ma galibin tsakanin Austrian reshe da Spaniyanci, aikinsa, shiryar Maurice na Saxony, tuni masoyi da Charles jin k'ai, ya d'auki alkawaran da Faransa, da d'aukaka da aiyukan da bishoprics na Metz, Toul da Verdun (1552), kuma sconfiggevano a gaban Augustas ya Innsbruck, suka bautar da yarjejeniyar Passau (2 ga watan Agusta, 1552. Da rashin nasarar da har ma galibin manzanci na Charles jin k'ai culminated da abdication da Spanisanci alfarwanka da ni'ima d'ansa Filippo, wanda ya riga ya mallaki Milan da Naples, a yayin da sauran daular (gurabun sana'o'i na Hapsburg) ya rasu uwansa Ferdinand, tuni sau da dama da aka yi da regency na daular, wadda ta 1521 ya yardar Gab'a Austrian jari. Charles jin k'ai janye Extremadura a kusa da monastery na san Jeronimo De Yuste, inda kuma ci gaba da su sosai a ruwa a cikin al'amuran daular, ya sanar commentaries a mulkinsa. § Sana'collections da Charles jin k'ai, wadda ta fara Korarru kuwa da Museo del Prado, da lilin mai kyau, abu ado, paintings babban flemish iyayengiji ta goma sha biyar k'arni na 12, aikinsa na makaranta na Jamus da Italiyanci. Charles daular jin k'ai Titian musamman, wanda yake a hukumance da shi gaban kotu painter kuma kashe fiye da 40 portraits a gaban Augustas.
Addini
Da tsarin addini da builded kuma ya goyi bayan har ma galibin fasali na Inca ka configure kamar duhunhuna oriented daga karuwan na rana da Allah, Inti, kusan sujada personification na daular. Ga Inti ya mik'a zamana a kowace rana da hadayun da k'otar. Solstices equinoxes, su ne suke bukata a k'arshen festive kakan karãtun abin tunãwa. A cikin dukan malanchi Inti ya yi nesa da veneration, har a farkon Spanisanci chroniclers kowane haikalin ya bayyana kamar "Haikali na rana" domin antonomasia da kowane firist, firist na rana." Da chroniclers da ake kira Spaniards ma "budurwa na rana" wani budurwai keb'e iri iri a wannan fili sacral na da nasaba da nasaba da mulki, sunansa ba ya fassara kuma baya sunan acllacuna, "keb'e mata", "hulda" kuma inca conception. Hedkwatar Daular tsaya mafi muhimmanci haikalin da rana, da ake kira Coricancha, inda ta karãtun abin tunãwa perennial wuta. Da Coricancha wani irin Pantheon da suka yi na'am da "wane k'ãra daukaka gane, sarakunan gargajiyar Inca k'ãra daukaka, da daban-daban da wata alk'arya biyayya, (1) Illapa Tuono-Lampo sashensu", kuma Allah Ya mulkinsu duka, yankin andean, Pachacamac, wani irin babban da Jumhuriyar Cote D'Ivoire, shiga daga inca rantsuwa a darajoji daga cikin abubuwan da Ana cikin irin gardaddamin yadda mulkin Inti, kamar irin "iyaye mata" ubangiji, Mahaifiyarsa Luna (1) Mama-Quilla amarya na Inti, Mahaifiyarsa Tħku Mama Cocha) evidently da nasaba da ba a sani ba za su yi Inca har zuwa gaba da rantsattsen shugaba yankin, mahaifiyarsa ta duniya (Pacha Mama) da muhimmanci gunkiyan nan da kwano Peruvian, da mahaifiyarsa hatsi (Mama Sara), a cikin zaman bauta, ma tantance da ma masara shukar exceptionally girima. Bugu da k'ari, ita ce, mai tsakaitawa Coricancha ko wani tanadin venerable, ya ce huaca, wanda a cikin wani ma'ana, yana da ikon yin hankali a kanta sacredness da nasara territories daga abin da suka zo. Ana iya cewa sun wakilta a jirgin sama na addini, gaba a birnin Cuzco da kaji su taka rawar gani, hedkwatar daular. Daga alfasha ajalin huaca ta designates abubuwa (mutummutumai da duwatsu, da itatuwa, adamawa. wurare, kuma su binciko mulkinsa, kuma gine-ginen nan (chapels, makabarta, (4) "lasafta alfarma" ko kujeru da k'waya da "alfarma." Da ladabi ga karuwan da iyaka k'ananan huaca, a game da addini sosai, za su iya jeopardize da hadin kai da daular, akwai jami'in biyu zaman rayuwasu: a mun yi makamashi da huaca mafi muhimmanci, accogliendole materially ko fitowa a Coricancha, a k'ark'ashin Inti Allah, a hannun ya nemi hallaka sauran jama'a, kamar yadda suka yi ta tara a gaban Augustas, (1) Pachacútec reformer sashensu a duniya", ya ce, "Wannan mak'iyin huaca". Ga masanan ginin daular m tare da huaca, har ma da cults na hukumar, ba ga wani mutum rukunin d'aure da bauta wa wani abu d'aya kakansa ayllu (1), saboda haka, haka kuma sake a cikin wani lissafi daga al'umma broader constituting daular. Daular tabbatar masa da ayllu, amma raba su da aminci, "k'abilun" da addini. Daular ya kasu halves biyu, ya ce, "bisa" da "sassauta", sa'an nan a kasu biyu kowad'anne sassa na k'asar, Ta haka ya seyu hudu, duk biyu ideal tangaraho intersecting a Cuzco, abin da ya shafi a tsakiyar gari, duniya ta bud'e wa rantsuwa ko transpose a zana hoton quadripartite na daular, ya ce, "K'asar hud'u a yankunan" (1) Tahuantinsuyo. A gaban Augustas Inca, da yake zaune a Cuzco, wadda aka d'an rana" (Intip churin), Allah mai rai. A nasa iyali shi ne babban firist, da villac umu. A matsayinsa na ginshik'in hada kai matar ku ga masanan sauyi na takwas a gaban Augustas Hatum Tupac, wanda yake takalo karuwan Viracocha, kuma ta yi suna. Viracocha wani shafi gunzar yak'i da Andean wata alk'arya, ko watakila wani "halitta k'yuya", ana iya tunawa da almara iri iri, amma ba su yi galibin bauta. Da farko dai an masujadan hasali ma kafa da Hatum Tupac, wanda ya yi wa Viracocha da halin "baba" dace, da sauyin d'aya "kakanninsu." na daban-daban da ikona. Da acquisition Viracocha da aka haifa masa theological elaboration (wato kadan an tuna da investiture da mulki, jũna wasiyya da Viracocha zuwa Inti da Inti a gaban Augustas da formulae da kowane karãtun abin tunãwa laya zama sadaka ga Viracocha da sunan Inti, wanda yake bayyana lokutan da salla da yabon da babban baiwa amfani da aesthetic.
Sana'
Da Incas bar k'afãfunsa lura da su a cikin dukan wuraren da baza. Ya zauna a ko'ina da yawa, constructions Adobes a Cote D'Ivoire da dutse a Jihar Filato, wadda kullum da aminci, kuma aka jejeffe su trapezoidal. A fannin Cuzco ya gina da manyan makawa na dutse polygonal (bastions, da goyon bayan katangu ko da makawa na dutse kofa, gine-ginen nan. Da architecture Inca ta bayyana a cikin dukan mole da kyau ga Machu Picchu, birnin rediscovered tum da Hiram Bingham. Da ceramic inca glossy polychrome, suka yi k'waya vases da sauran goruna, to, madalla sāke halittarmu. Game da metallurgy, mai muhimmanci canji ya bazu a yi amfani da na tagulla a daular, amma mai kyau tanadin (figurines, kayan ado iri iri a cikin zinariya da azurfa, da aka sarrafa ya zama babban inestimable da amfani, sun yi zaton da shahararrun lambu a Haikalin da rana na Cuzco, da reproductions da zinariya da na figures k'ãra daukaka, da dabbobi da shuka, sai aka largely halakar da Spaniyanci. An lura cewar akwai kyakkyawar azama game da abin da aka yi da hannu a gaban kotu ba ma a fagen ado da ceramics ba, har ma da na sak'a da glyptic.
Pizarro Francisco,
A fyad'a spanisanci (Trujillo, Cáceres, kasa. 1475 da 1541 Lima. Da ake shege d'an Shugaban Gonzalo, bi samari uba da yak'e-yak'e na k'asar Italiya (1498-1501, sa'an nan, kamar masu yawa adventurers, dole ne a Amurka ta "sa'a." Rakiya Vasco Núñez de Balboa a shipping suka gamu da guda biyar daga tsibiran yankin (1513), ya san cewa, akwai wani mai arziki daular, Peru, da niyyar tare da Hernando de Luque da samar da wani dan-jari da Diego de Almagro, sauran playful adventurer, ga jama'a. Bayan voyages biyu na binciken (1524-26, 1526-28) da su zauna a k'asar, dole ne "permissions" bureaucratic, dole ne a 1531 da wadansu enterprise, da jiragen ruwa 3, 185 sojoji da dawaki 37, wadda aka ci gaba da baya (1532) 153 da 50 dawakan Almagro. Wasik'armu talanti guda da k'i/ cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro bisa-notch, amma kuma d'oki da ruthlessness ba daidai ba, sai dai Pizarro darkãke Inca daular, ya gina sabon birane kamar Lima (1535) da Trujillo, ya hawa fiye da sau Andes, ya yi girma fabulously da mulki da sabon Peru kamar monarch, amma ya san yadda za a shawo kan kaidina yarje Spanisanci, tsohon cud'anya Almagro, sa'an nan kashe, kafin a k'arshe shi kansa ya kashe a gidansa na Lima da wani rukunin aka almagristi. Da hakki da shekaru goma da exceptional adventure, Pizarro aikata ayyuka na kai k'iyo daga mijinta kõ da kuma kwad'ayi (babbansu, watakila, ya kama da tawaye da tuhumar da inca Atahualpa, bayan da ya ba shi da extorted fabulous fansa da zinariya da azurfa, da abin da suka zama comprehensible da k'iyayya da hassada da jama'a da ta duba cikakkiyar ka, mutane da yawa da ke zubawa tragically da shi. Amma ba a cikin karin magana da shari'a, ba mu da authentic "genius" da condottiere renaissance.
Almagro, Diego de gaskiya, Vècchio
Ya ce, da yak'i spanisanci, watakila Almagro Ciudad, ita ce, kasa. 1472 da 1538 Cuzco. Ya zo a Amurka a 1514 da dispatch and transport officer na Pedrarias Dávila, ya girgiza mashinsa kamar soja Intrepid, ya kuma dukiyarsu wani babban birnin a 1524 da gudunmawa ga kamfanin ya aike da Pizarro da Luque ga babban daraktan sabon territories wajen kudu. Bayan da na farko shipping, wanda har ya sa binciko Peru (1525), yana tare da Pizarro d'aya daga cikin protagonists da aiyukan da rantsuwa da Inca daular (1) 1526-34, wadata, to, ta bayyana yadda za su iya sayen domin ulunsu pesos told oro da jiragen ruwa da sojojin Pedro yarje de Alvarado. Sa'an nan (1535) marshal da sabon Toledo, da ikon kusan ni a dukan territories da Mika alloys 200 na wad'anda na Pizarro, ta shirya wa broaden da alfarwanka wani dispatch and transport officer zuwa Chile. Kamfanin, ya gane ta Andes damuna, sa'annan wahalhalun da de Almagro, kuma ha'inci da talauci k'asashen gano, bayan da ya kai har zuwa kwarin Aconcagua niyyar komawa zuwa Peru. Ga shi a cikinsu, yak'in basasa a tsakanin Ubangiji (1537), da sakamakon da tensions da janye tun 1529, sa'ad da Pizarro ya samu daga kambin licenses da rabon gādon mafi de Almagro, wad'anda suka haddasa a 1535 lokacin da Ubangiji biyu suka assimilated a hierarchy ba tare da dai ya bayyana ci iyakar mak'wabcinku wanda yake da ikon Cuzco a cibiyar, da dukiya da Incas. Kamar yadda kewaye da hurumin birnin asusuwan da yake, wadda ita ce don d'akunan su zauna sosai, da tayar da Inca, sa'an nan da ta ci gaba da de Almagro, ta kama 'yan'uwa Pizarro, aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, ya kashe shi.
Charles jin k'ai (1) a gaban Augustas
A gaban Augustas, na sarkin k'asar Asbaniya IV, da Naples Ghent (1500 da San Jeronimo De Yuste 1558. A k'arshe ya ce, "Ni na gaskiya" na tsattsarkan Barome daular, har zuwa 1806, amma bayan Carlo jin k'ai rasa na gargajiya connotation siyasa da addini da kuma babban rabo daga sararin sama, ba su fi unitary iko da hegemony isassun da niyyar shawo kan progressive tashin k jihohi da hujjoji rikici da social da espressasi addini a gyara, ya ce, "Ga Harshen maps ne. Jin k'ai, mai tasiri 463." "Da harshen maps ga lemma 5° awon tsawo." d'an Filibus Archduke kowa tsayi da Austria da Yuwana fushi ne, saboda haka magājin a gaban Augustas Maximilian na Hapsburg Ferdinand, da ta Katolika na k'asar Asbaniya, girma a Flanders, matar kawunsa Margaret da Austria, inda ya yi ilimi da Adriano, mai suna Utarasht (daga baya Pope Hadrian VI) da Guillaume na Croy, Chièvres. Tsoraci a 1515, cikin 1516 ya zama a k'asar Holland. Sa magājin daga na biyu, matsawar aka samu gamsasshen bayani la-shakka, testament Ferdinand, da ta Katolika, zamansu a Castile (1517) inda, saboda rashin samun da mahaifiyarsa, ya d'auki mulki. Ya zauna a k'asar Asbaniya awatar da adawa da Cortes da nationalistic fuskantar da comuneros. Charles jin k'ai ne a mugun yarda da alak'a da kotu a Flanders daga wanda ya zo tare da shi a sakamakon k'ask'antar, wasu da aka shahararrun rapacità, kuma babu abotaka, ba su taimake shi ya gane matsalolin da k'asa da aka bak'o ba. Bayan rasuwar Maximilian (1519) ya tafi Jamus, sa'an nan daga takara a daular, animated da conceptions humanities da universalistic da manyan, Adriano, mai suna Utarasht da chancellor Gattinara, har ma da harkokin siyasa da tsarin mulkin shugaba Allah Mai Iko Dukka?. Sai dai gagarumin subsidies, sai in karb'i abina har da Augusta da Antwerp, musamman ma Fugger) da sojojin da gasar Sveva niyyar dai masu zab'e a mummũnan zab'a su Francis ta gwagwarmayar nema na da Faransa, Henry viii na Ingila da Frederick da hikima da Saxony. A cikin coronation Aachen (1520) bude har kafin Francesco da na ga rantsuwa da Milanese,'i/ cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro da yin lissafin wajen Spanisanci alfarwanka na kudu. Jin k'ai Carlo chi wani kamar irin nasarorin da dominance a k'asar Italiya, da yak'i da Pavia, 1525, kuma a kan Italiyanci Jihohi gamu a gasar da Cognac tashi zuwa ga zaman lafiya, shi ga fassara, 1529, Patti na Cambrai da ke k'asar Spain. K'ungiyar ta Bologna, da sanctioned taimakonsa ya bi da kauri coronation halinku Pope hak'uri tun farko a S. Petronio a 24 ga Fabrairu 1530. A shekara ashirin, sa'ad reasserted ikonta da biyu na Mexico da Peru financed, da sai in karb'i abina har Welser, da tapping Francesco sau biyu na (1535 da 1542 a resumption da yak'in domin Milan, Charles jin k'ai ta fuska biyu manyan matsalolin da interdependent: da Jamusanci particularism da schism Protestant. Bayan rasuwar Gattinara (1530), Carlo jin k'ai, wanda ya accinto restructuring manufa da dangantaka da ke tsaye a daular, gano da aikinsa kullum babban cikas ga centralization; kuma raunana, a maimakon alloys, birnin manya da mai dattako Jamus. Da yawan sauya intrusion da Charles jin k'ai a cikin sha'anin jamus a k'ark'ashin nauyin uwansa Ferdinand (Gwamna na Jamus, 1530, sarkin Romawa, 1531) saukar da ake kira Rahab da ninkin da daular, ya k'ara wa wannan tsakãninmu da Faransa, da barazanar Turkiyya looming, da kuma taimakon da Mohács a Hungarians, 1526) da tallace tallace na pirates cikin Bahar Rum. A fuskar uwar Lutheran zirga-zirga, da stimulated da centrifugal tendencies da autonomistiche a nan Jamus, Charles jin k'ai ya prevaricate, kuma saboda indecision da popes: daga Baran Tsutsotsi (1521) aka buga ollowed diets, alkawaran, an, transitional solutions da matsalar addini a gabana, da Majalisar a kan al'amarin, wadda aka yi wa'azi da Pope Bulus iii a 1537, amma da farko a Trento d'auki sai a 1545. A cikin shugabana da manyan matsayi na Protestants k'arfafa, da haihuwar alloy Smalcalda da ri'ari anabattista extremism (Confessio augustana, 1530, da autonomismo da Jamusanci da shugabanni da aka kawo sauki goyon baya da Faransa, da shari'a a ko ta Katolika Baveriya. Rikicin shi ne ya kamata su yi yaki (1) 1546-47 inda Charles jin k'ai nasarar cin nasara a protestants har ya zuwa yak'i da Mühlberg (24 watan Afrilu 1547. Sojoji taimakon sa shi ma ayyuka da idanu da Jamusanci da shugabanni, haka kuma pope: aikin shelar sulhuntawar siyasa ta mayar da rashin jituwa ba k'ank'antar har ma galibin. A daidai wannan iyali Hapsburg contrasts shekara hamsin waanda suka bi a jere Har ma galibin tsakanin Austrian reshe da Spaniyanci, aikinsa, shiryar Maurice na Saxony, tuni masoyi da Charles jin k'ai, ya d'auki alkawaran da Faransa, da d'aukaka da aiyukan da bishoprics na Metz, Toul da Verdun (1552), kuma sconfiggevano a gaban Augustas ya Innsbruck, suka bautar da yarjejeniyar Passau (2 ga watan Agusta, 1552. Da rashin nasarar da har ma galibin manzanci na Charles jin k'ai culminated da abdication da Spanisanci alfarwanka da ni'ima d'ansa Filippo, wanda ya riga ya mallaki Milan da Naples, a yayin da sauran daular (gurabun sana'o'i na Hapsburg) ya rasu uwansa Ferdinand, tuni sau da dama da aka yi da regency na daular, wadda ta 1521 ya yardar Gab'a Austrian jari. Charles jin k'ai janye Extremadura a kusa da monastery na san Jeronimo De Yuste, inda kuma ci gaba da su sosai a ruwa a cikin al'amuran daular, ya sanar commentaries a mulkinsa. § Sana'collections da Charles jin k'ai, wadda ta fara Korarru kuwa da Museo del Prado, da lilin mai kyau, abu ado, paintings babban flemish iyayengiji ta goma sha biyar k'arni na 12, aikinsa na makaranta na Jamus da Italiyanci. Charles daular jin k'ai Titian musamman, wanda yake a hukumance da shi gaban kotu painter kuma kashe fiye da 40 portraits a gaban Augustas.
Addini
Da tsarin addini da builded kuma ya goyi bayan har ma galibin fasali na Inca ka configure kamar duhunhuna oriented daga karuwan na rana da Allah, Inti, kusan sujada personification na daular. Ga Inti ya mik'a zamana a kowace rana da hadayun da k'otar. Solstices equinoxes, su ne suke bukata a k'arshen festive kakan karãtun abin tunãwa. A cikin dukan malanchi Inti ya yi nesa da veneration, har a farkon Spanisanci chroniclers kowane haikalin ya bayyana kamar "Haikali na rana" domin antonomasia da kowane firist, firist na rana." Da chroniclers da ake kira Spaniards ma "budurwa na rana" wani budurwai keb'e iri iri a wannan fili sacral na da nasaba da nasaba da mulki, sunansa ba ya fassara kuma baya sunan acllacuna, "keb'e mata", "hulda" kuma inca conception. Hedkwatar Daular tsaya mafi muhimmanci haikalin da rana, da ake kira Coricancha, inda ta karãtun abin tunãwa perennial wuta. Da Coricancha wani irin Pantheon da suka yi na'am da "wane k'ãra daukaka gane, sarakunan gargajiyar Inca k'ãra daukaka, da daban-daban da wata alk'arya biyayya, (1) Illapa Tuono-Lampo sashensu", kuma Allah Ya mulkinsu duka, yankin andean, Pachacamac, wani irin babban da Jumhuriyar Cote D'Ivoire, shiga daga inca rantsuwa a darajoji daga cikin abubuwan da Ana cikin irin gardaddamin yadda mulkin Inti, kamar irin "iyaye mata" ubangiji, Mahaifiyarsa Luna (1) Mama-Quilla amarya na Inti, Mahaifiyarsa Tħku Mama Cocha) evidently da nasaba da ba a sani ba za su yi Inca har zuwa gaba da rantsattsen shugaba yankin, mahaifiyarsa ta duniya (Pacha Mama) da muhimmanci gunkiyan nan da kwano Peruvian, da mahaifiyarsa hatsi (Mama Sara), a cikin zaman bauta, ma tantance da ma masara shukar exceptionally girima. Bugu da k'ari, ita ce, mai tsakaitawa Coricancha ko wani tanadin venerable, ya ce huaca, wanda a cikin wani ma'ana, yana da ikon yin hankali a kanta sacredness da nasara territories daga abin da suka zo. Ana iya cewa sun wakilta a jirgin sama na addini, gaba a birnin Cuzco da kaji su taka rawar gani, hedkwatar daular. Daga alfasha ajalin huaca ta designates abubuwa (mutummutumai da duwatsu, da itatuwa, adamawa. wurare, kuma su binciko mulkinsa, kuma gine-ginen nan (chapels, makabarta, (4) "lasafta alfarma" ko kujeru da k'waya da "alfarma." Da ladabi ga karuwan da iyaka k'ananan huaca, a game da addini sosai, za su iya jeopardize da hadin kai da daular, akwai jami'in biyu zaman rayuwasu: a mun yi makamashi da huaca mafi muhimmanci, accogliendole materially ko fitowa a Coricancha, a k'ark'ashin Inti Allah, a hannun ya nemi hallaka sauran jama'a, kamar yadda suka yi ta tara a gaban Augustas, (1) Pachacútec reformer sashensu a duniya", ya ce, "Wannan mak'iyin huaca". Ga masanan ginin daular m tare da huaca, har ma da cults na hukumar, ba ga wani mutum rukunin d'aure da bauta wa wani abu d'aya kakansa ayllu (1), saboda haka, haka kuma sake a cikin wani lissafi daga al'umma broader constituting daular. Daular tabbatar masa da ayllu, amma raba su da aminci, "k'abilun" da addini. Daular ya kasu halves biyu, ya ce, "bisa" da "sassauta", sa'an nan a kasu biyu kowad'anne sassa na k'asar, Ta haka ya seyu hudu, duk biyu ideal tangaraho intersecting a Cuzco, abin da ya shafi a tsakiyar gari, duniya ta bud'e wa rantsuwa ko transpose a zana hoton quadripartite na daular, ya ce, "K'asar hud'u a yankunan" (1) Tahuantinsuyo. A gaban Augustas Inca, da yake zaune a Cuzco, wadda aka d'an rana" (Intip churin), Allah mai rai. A nasa iyali shi ne babban firist, da villac umu. A matsayinsa na ginshik'in hada kai matar ku ga masanan sauyi na takwas a gaban Augustas Hatum Tupac, wanda yake takalo karuwan Viracocha, kuma ta yi suna. Viracocha wani shafi gunzar yak'i da Andean wata alk'arya, ko watakila wani "halitta k'yuya", ana iya tunawa da almara iri iri, amma ba su yi galibin bauta. Da farko dai an masujadan hasali ma kafa da Hatum Tupac, wanda ya yi wa Viracocha da halin "baba" dace, da sauyin d'aya "kakanninsu." na daban-daban da ikona. Da acquisition Viracocha da aka haifa masa theological elaboration (wato kadan an tuna da investiture da mulki, jũna wasiyya da Viracocha zuwa Inti da Inti a gaban Augustas da formulae da kowane karãtun abin tunãwa laya zama sadaka ga Viracocha da sunan Inti, wanda yake bayyana lokutan da salla da yabon da babban baiwa amfani da aesthetic.
Sana'
Da Incas bar k'afãfunsa lura da su a cikin dukan wuraren da baza. Ya zauna a ko'ina da yawa, constructions Adobes a Cote D'Ivoire da dutse a Jihar Filato, wadda kullum da aminci, kuma aka jejeffe su trapezoidal. A fannin Cuzco ya gina da manyan makawa na dutse polygonal (bastions, da goyon bayan katangu ko da makawa na dutse kofa, gine-ginen nan. Da architecture Inca ta bayyana a cikin dukan mole da kyau ga Machu Picchu, birnin rediscovered tum da Hiram Bingham. Da ceramic inca glossy polychrome, suka yi k'waya vases da sauran goruna, to, madalla sāke halittarmu. Game da metallurgy, mai muhimmanci canji ya bazu a yi amfani da na tagulla a daular, amma mai kyau tanadin (figurines, kayan ado iri iri a cikin zinariya da azurfa, da aka sarrafa ya zama babban inestimable da amfani, sun yi zaton da shahararrun lambu a Haikalin da rana na Cuzco, da reproductions da zinariya da na figures k'ãra daukaka, da dabbobi da shuka, sai aka largely halakar da Spaniyanci. An lura cewar akwai kyakkyawar azama game da abin da aka yi da hannu a gaban kotu ba ma a fagen ado da ceramics ba, har ma da na sak'a da glyptic.
Pizarro Francisco,
A fyad'a spanisanci (Trujillo, Cáceres, kasa. 1475 da 1541 Lima. Da ake shege d'an Shugaban Gonzalo, bi samari uba da yak'e-yak'e na k'asar Italiya (1498-1501, sa'an nan, kamar masu yawa adventurers, dole ne a Amurka ta "sa'a." Rakiya Vasco Núñez de Balboa a shipping suka gamu da guda biyar daga tsibiran yankin (1513), ya san cewa, akwai wani mai arziki daular, Peru, da niyyar tare da Hernando de Luque da samar da wani dan-jari da Diego de Almagro, sauran playful adventurer, ga jama'a. Bayan voyages biyu na binciken (1524-26, 1526-28) da su zauna a k'asar, dole ne "permissions" bureaucratic, dole ne a 1531 da wadansu enterprise, da jiragen ruwa 3, 185 sojoji da dawaki 37, wadda aka ci gaba da baya (1532) 153 da 50 dawakan Almagro. Wasik'armu talanti guda da k'i/ cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro bisa-notch, amma kuma d'oki da ruthlessness ba daidai ba, sai dai Pizarro darkãke Inca daular, ya gina sabon birane kamar Lima (1535) da Trujillo, ya hawa fiye da sau Andes, ya yi girma fabulously da mulki da sabon Peru kamar monarch, amma ya san yadda za a shawo kan kaidina yarje Spanisanci, tsohon cud'anya Almagro, sa'an nan kashe, kafin a k'arshe shi kansa ya kashe a gidansa na Lima da wani rukunin aka almagristi. Da hakki da shekaru goma da exceptional adventure, Pizarro aikata ayyuka na kai k'iyo daga mijinta kõ da kuma kwad'ayi (babbansu, watakila, ya kama da tawaye da tuhumar da inca Atahualpa, bayan da ya ba shi da extorted fabulous fansa da zinariya da azurfa, da abin da suka zama comprehensible da k'iyayya da hassada da jama'a da ta duba cikakkiyar ka, mutane da yawa da ke zubawa tragically da shi. Amma ba a cikin karin magana da shari'a, ba mu da authentic "genius" da condottiere renaissance.
Almagro, Diego de gaskiya, Vècchio
Ya ce, da yak'i spanisanci, watakila Almagro Ciudad, ita ce, kasa. 1472 da 1538 Cuzco. Ya zo a Amurka a 1514 da dispatch and transport officer na Pedrarias Dávila, ya girgiza mashinsa kamar soja Intrepid, ya kuma dukiyarsu wani babban birnin a 1524 da gudunmawa ga kamfanin ya aike da Pizarro da Luque ga babban daraktan sabon territories wajen kudu. Bayan da na farko shipping, wanda har ya sa binciko Peru (1525), yana tare da Pizarro d'aya daga cikin protagonists da aiyukan da rantsuwa da Inca daular (1) 1526-34, wadata, to, ta bayyana yadda za su iya sayen domin ulunsu pesos told oro da jiragen ruwa da sojojin Pedro yarje de Alvarado. Sa'an nan (1535) marshal da sabon Toledo, da ikon kusan ni a dukan territories da Mika alloys 200 na wad'anda na Pizarro, ta shirya wa broaden da alfarwanka wani dispatch and transport officer zuwa Chile. Kamfanin, ya gane ta Andes damuna, sa'annan wahalhalun da de Almagro, kuma ha'inci da talauci k'asashen gano, bayan da ya kai har zuwa kwarin Aconcagua niyyar komawa zuwa Peru. Ga shi a cikinsu, yak'in basasa a tsakanin Ubangiji (1537), da sakamakon da tensions da janye tun 1529, sa'ad da Pizarro ya samu daga kambin licenses da rabon gādon mafi de Almagro, wad'anda suka haddasa a 1535 lokacin da Ubangiji biyu suka assimilated a hierarchy ba tare da dai ya bayyana ci iyakar mak'wabcinku wanda yake da ikon Cuzco a cibiyar, da dukiya da Incas. Kamar yadda kewaye da hurumin birnin asusuwan da yake, wadda ita ce don d'akunan su zauna sosai, da tayar da Inca, sa'an nan da ta ci gaba da de Almagro, ta kama 'yan'uwa Pizarro, aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, ya kashe shi.
Charles jin k'ai (1) a gaban Augustas
A gaban Augustas, na sarkin k'asar Asbaniya IV, da Naples Ghent (1500 da San Jeronimo De Yuste 1558. A k'arshe ya ce, "Ni na gaskiya" na tsattsarkan Barome daular, har zuwa 1806, amma bayan Carlo jin k'ai rasa na gargajiya connotation siyasa da addini da kuma babban rabo daga sararin sama, ba su fi unitary iko da hegemony isassun da niyyar shawo kan progressive tashin k jihohi da hujjoji rikici da social da espressasi addini a gyara, ya ce, "Ga Harshen maps ne. Jin k'ai, mai tasiri 463." "Da harshen maps ga lemma 5° awon tsawo." d'an Filibus Archduke kowa tsayi da Austria da Yuwana fushi ne, saboda haka magājin a gaban Augustas Maximilian na Hapsburg Ferdinand, da ta Katolika na k'asar Asbaniya, girma a Flanders, matar kawunsa Margaret da Austria, inda ya yi ilimi da Adriano, mai suna Utarasht (daga baya Pope Hadrian VI) da Guillaume na Croy, Chièvres. Tsoraci a 1515, cikin 1516 ya zama a k'asar Holland. Sa magājin daga na biyu, matsawar aka samu gamsasshen bayani la-shakka, testament Ferdinand, da ta Katolika, zamansu a Castile (1517) inda, saboda rashin samun da mahaifiyarsa, ya d'auki mulki. Ya zauna a k'asar Asbaniya awatar da adawa da Cortes da nationalistic fuskantar da comuneros. Charles jin k'ai ne a mugun yarda da alak'a da kotu a Flanders daga wanda ya zo tare da shi a sakamakon k'ask'antar, wasu da aka shahararrun rapacità, kuma babu abotaka, ba su taimake shi ya gane matsalolin da k'asa da aka bak'o ba. Bayan rasuwar Maximilian (1519) ya tafi Jamus, sa'an nan daga takara a daular, animated da conceptions humanities da universalistic da manyan, Adriano, mai suna Utarasht da chancellor Gattinara, har ma da harkokin siyasa da tsarin mulkin shugaba Allah Mai Iko Dukka?. Sai dai gagarumin subsidies, sai in karb'i abina har da Augusta da Antwerp, musamman ma Fugger) da sojojin da gasar Sveva niyyar dai masu zab'e a mummũnan zab'a su Francis ta gwagwarmayar nema na da Faransa, Henry viii na Ingila da Frederick da hikima da Saxony. A cikin coronation Aachen (1520) bude har kafin Francesco da na ga rantsuwa da Milanese,'i/ cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro da yin lissafin wajen Spanisanci alfarwanka na kudu. Jin k'ai Carlo chi wani kamar irin nasarorin da dominance a k'asar Italiya, da yak'i da Pavia, 1525, kuma a kan Italiyanci Jihohi gamu a gasar da Cognac tashi zuwa ga zaman lafiya, shi ga fassara, 1529, Patti na Cambrai da ke k'asar Spain. K'ungiyar ta Bologna, da sanctioned taimakonsa ya bi da kauri coronation halinku Pope hak'uri tun farko a S. Petronio a 24 ga Fabrairu 1530. A shekara ashirin, sa'ad reasserted ikonta da biyu na Mexico da Peru financed, da sai in karb'i abina har Welser, da tapping Francesco sau biyu na (1535 da 1542 a resumption da yak'in domin Milan, Charles jin k'ai ta fuska biyu manyan matsalolin da interdependent: da Jamusanci particularism da schism Protestant. Bayan rasuwar Gattinara (1530), Carlo jin k'ai, wanda ya accinto restructuring manufa da dangantaka da ke tsaye a daular, gano da aikinsa kullum babban cikas ga centralization; kuma raunana, a maimakon alloys, birnin manya da mai dattako Jamus. Da yawan sauya intrusion da Charles jin k'ai a cikin sha'anin jamus a k'ark'ashin nauyin uwansa Ferdinand (Gwamna na Jamus, 1530, sarkin Romawa, 1531) saukar da ake kira Rahab da ninkin da daular, ya k'ara wa wannan tsakãninmu da Faransa, da barazanar Turkiyya looming, da kuma taimakon da Mohács a Hungarians, 1526) da tallace tallace na pirates cikin Bahar Rum. A fuskar uwar Lutheran zirga-zirga, da stimulated da centrifugal tendencies da autonomistiche a nan Jamus, Charles jin k'ai ya prevaricate, kuma saboda indecision da popes: daga Baran Tsutsotsi (1521) aka buga ollowed diets, alkawaran, an, transitional solutions da matsalar addini a gabana, da Majalisar a kan al'amarin, wadda aka yi wa'azi da Pope Bulus iii a 1537, amma da farko a Trento d'auki sai a 1545. A cikin shugabana da manyan matsayi na Protestants k'arfafa, da haihuwar alloy Smalcalda da ri'ari anabattista extremism (Confessio augustana, 1530, da autonomismo da Jamusanci da shugabanni da aka kawo sauki goyon baya da Faransa, da shari'a a ko ta Katolika Baveriya. Rikicin shi ne ya kamata su yi yaki (1) 1546-47 inda Charles jin k'ai nasarar cin nasara a protestants har ya zuwa yak'i da Mühlberg (24 watan Afrilu 1547. Sojoji taimakon sa shi ma ayyuka da idanu da Jamusanci da shugabanni, haka kuma pope: aikin shelar sulhuntawar siyasa ta mayar da rashin jituwa ba k'ank'antar har ma galibin. A daidai wannan iyali Hapsburg contrasts shekara hamsin waanda suka bi a jere Har ma galibin tsakanin Austrian reshe da Spaniyanci, aikinsa, shiryar Maurice na Saxony, tuni masoyi da Charles jin k'ai, ya d'auki alkawaran da Faransa, da d'aukaka da aiyukan da bishoprics na Metz, Toul da Verdun (1552), kuma sconfiggevano a gaban Augustas ya Innsbruck, suka bautar da yarjejeniyar Passau (2 ga watan Agusta, 1552. Da rashin nasarar da har ma galibin manzanci na Charles jin k'ai culminated da abdication da Spanisanci alfarwanka da ni'ima d'ansa Filippo, wanda ya riga ya mallaki Milan da Naples, a yayin da sauran daular (gurabun sana'o'i na Hapsburg) ya rasu uwansa Ferdinand, tuni sau da dama da aka yi da regency na daular, wadda ta 1521 ya yardar Gab'a Austrian jari. Charles jin k'ai janye Extremadura a kusa da monastery na san Jeronimo De Yuste, inda kuma ci gaba da su sosai a ruwa a cikin al'amuran daular, ya sanar commentaries a mulkinsa. § Sana'collections da Charles jin k'ai, wadda ta fara Korarru kuwa da Museo del Prado, da lilin mai kyau, abu ado, paintings babban flemish iyayengiji ta goma sha biyar k'arni na 12, aikinsa na makaranta na Jamus da Italiyanci. Charles daular jin k'ai Titian musamman, wanda yake a hukumance da shi gaban kotu painter kuma kashe fiye da 40 portraits a gaban Augustas.
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